2026

A Brief History of the Santal Movement in India

Author(s): Tarun Mahato

Abstract

The Santal movement is a significant tribal uprising in the history of India, reflecting the struggle of the Santal community against exploitation, feudal oppression, and colonial policies during the 19th century. This journal examines the causes, progression, leadership, impact, and legacy of the Santal movement, highlighting its role in shaping tribal consciousness and resistance in India. The Santal Movement, also known as the Santal Rebellion of 1855–1856, was one of the earliest organized tribal uprisings against British colonial authority and feudal exploitation in India. The Santals, under the leadership of Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu, revolted against oppressive landlords, moneylenders, and unjust revenue policies that threatened their land, livelihood, and cultural identity. Despite its brutal suppression, the movement highlighted the Santals’ courage, unity, and resistance against systemic injustice. The uprising not only shaped tribal consciousness but also influenced subsequent tribal and peasant movements in India, making it a landmark in the history of tribal resistance.