Author(s): Bhakti Bhabana Mishra
Abstract:
The Vaiśeṣika system of Indian philosophy presents one of the earliest and most systematic explanations of the material universe through its doctrine of Paramāṇuvāda (atomic theory). According to this theory, all physical objects are composed of eternal, indivisible, and imperceptible atoms (paramāṇus), whose combinations and separations account for the processes of cosmic creation and dissolution. The present study examines the concept of Paramāṇuvāda and its role in the cosmological framework of Vaiśeṣika philosophy. It analyzes the nature of atoms, the stages of atomic combination leading to the formation of perceptible substances, and the significance of causation in explaining the emergence of the material world. The study further explores the role of Īśvara as the efficient cause responsible for initiating atomic motion at the beginning of creation and discusses the doctrine of pralaya, according to which composite bodies dissolve while atoms remain eternal. In addition, the paper compares Vaiśeṣika atomism with Sāṃkhya cosmology and evaluates its scientific and philosophical relevance. The analysis reveals that Vaiśeṣika thinkers developed a rational and coherent model of cosmic evolution that explains diversity, change, and material existence through atomic aggregation governed by causal laws. Although the theory differs from modern scientific atomism and relies upon certain metaphysical assumptions, it represents a remarkable intellectual achievement in the history of Indian thought. The study concludes that Paramāṇuvāda occupies a central place in Vaiśeṣika cosmology and remains an important contribution to philosophical discussions concerning matter, causation, and the origin of the universe.
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